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A
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Acidic rocks
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Igneous rock carrying a high (greater than 65%) proportion
of silica.
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Adit
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An opening driven horizontally into the side of a mountain
or hill for providing access to a mineral deposit.
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Aero magnetic survey
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A geophysical survey using a magnetometer aboard, or
towed behind, an aircraft.
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Airborne survey
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A survey made from an aircraft to obtain photographs,
or measure magnetic properties, radioactivity, etc.
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Alteration
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Any physical or chemical change in a rock or mineral
subsequent to its formation. Milder and more localized than metamorphism.
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Amortization
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The gradual and systematic writing off of a balance in
an account over an appropriate period.
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Amphibolite
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A gneiss or schist largely made up of amphibole and plagioclase
minerals.
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Annual report
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The formal financial statements and report on operations
issued by a corporation to its shareholders after its fiscal year end.
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Anomaly
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Any departure from the norm which may indicate the presence
of mineralization in the underlying bedrock.
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Anticline
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An arch or fold in layers of rock shaped like the crest
of a wave.
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Archaean
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The earliest eon in time from around 4,500 to 2,500 million years ago. For more information on Archaean Geology, see our Gold Strategy
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Assay
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A chemical test performed on a sample of ores or minerals
to determine the amount of valuable metals contained.
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Authorized capital
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See capital stock.
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B
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Balance sheet
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A formal statement of the financial position of a company
on a particular day, normally presented to shareholders once a year.
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Banded iron formation
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A bedded deposit of iron minerals.
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Basalt
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An extrusive volcanic rock composed primarily of plagioclase,
pyroxene and some olivine.
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Basement rocks
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The underlying or older rock mass. Often refers to rocks
of Precambrian age which may be covered by younger rocks.
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Base metal
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Any non precious metal (eg. Copper, lead, zinc, nickel,
etc.).
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Basic rocks
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Igneous rocks that are relatively low in silica and composed
mostly of dark colored minerals.
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Batholith
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A large mass of igneous rock extending to great depth
with its upper portion domelike in shape. Similar, smaller masses of igneous
rocks are known as bosses or plugs.
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Bauxite
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A rock made up of hydrous aluminum oxides; the most common
aluminum ore.
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Bioleaching
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A process for recovering metals from low-grade ores by
dissolving them in solution, the dissolution being aided by bacterial
action.
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Biotite
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A platy magnesium iron mica, common in igneous rocks.
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Birimian
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Era of geological time between 2,200 and 1,800 million years ago. Typified by deposition of rocks similar to those of the Birim Valley, Ghana.
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Bit
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The cutting end of a drill frequently made of an extremely
hard material such as industrial diamonds or tungsten carbide.
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Bond
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An agreement to pay a certain amount of interest over
a given period of time.
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Break
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Loosely used to describe a large scale regional shear
zone or structural fault.
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Bulk mining
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Any large-scale, mechanized method of mining involving
many thousands of tonnes of ore being brought to surface per day.
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Bulk sample
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A large sample of mineralized rock, frequently hundreds
of tonnes, selected in such a manner as to be representative of the potential
ore body being sampled. Used to determine metallurgical characteristics.
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Capitalization
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A financial term used to describe the value financial
markets put on a company. Determined by multiplying the number of outstanding
shares of a company by the current stock price.
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Carbon in pulp
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A method of recovering gold and silver from pregnant
cyanide solutions by adsorbing the precious metals to granules of activated
carbon, which are typically ground up coconut shells.
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Channel sample
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A sample composed of pieces of vein or mineral deposit
that have been cut out of a small trench or channel, usually about 10
cm wide and 2 cm deep.
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Chip sample
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A method of sampling a rock exposure whereby a regular
series of small chips of rock is broken off along a line across the face.
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Cleavage
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The tendency of a mineral to split along crystallographic
planes.
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Common stock
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Shares in a company which have full voting rights which
the holders use to control the company in common with each other. There
is no fixed or assured dividend as with preferred shares, which have first
claim on the distribution of a company's earnings or assets.
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Composite sample
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A cumulative collected sample which is representative
of the ore body, used for metallurgical testing.
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Contact
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A geological term used to describe the surface along
which two different rock formations meet.
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Contained ounces
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Represents ounces in the ground before the deduction
of any ounces not recovered by the applicable metallurgical process.
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Core
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The cylindrical piece of rock, typically one to five
inches in diameter, brought to surface by diamond drilling.
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Core barrel
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That part of a string of tools in a diamond drill hole
in which the core specimen is collected.
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Country rock
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Loosely used to describe the general mass of rock adjacent
to an ore body. Also known as the host rock.
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Crushing and grinding
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The process by which ore is broken into small pieces
to prepare it for further processing.
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Current assets
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Assets of company which can and are likely to be converted
into cash within a year. Includes cash, marketable securities, accounts
receivable and supplies.
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Current liabilities
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A company's debts that are payable within a year's time.
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Cut off grade
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Is the minimum metal grade at which an ore body can be
economically mined.
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Cyanidation
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A method of extracting exposed gold or silver from crushed
or ground ore by dissolving it in a weak cyanide solution. May be carried
out in tanks inside a mill or in heaps of ore out of doors.
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Deferred charges
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Expenses incurred but not charged against the current
year's operation.
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Diamond
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The hardest known mineral, composed of pure carbon; low
quality diamonds are used to make bits for diamond drilling in rock.
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Diamond drill
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A rotary type of rock drill that cuts a core of rock
that is recovered in long cylindrical sections, two cm or more in diameter.
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Dilution (of shares)
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A decrease in the value of a company's shares caused
by the issue of treasury shares.
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Dip
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The angle at which a vein, structure or rock bed is inclined
from the horizontal as measured at right angles to the strike.
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Disseminated ore
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Ore carrying small particles of valuable minerals spread
more or less uniformly through the host rock.
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Doré
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Unrefined gold and silver bullion bars usually consisting
of approximately 90 percent precious metals which will be further refined
to almost pure metal.
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Drill indicated reserves
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The size and quality of a potential ore body as suggested
by widely spaced drill holes; more work is required before reserves can
be classified as probable or proven.
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Due diligence
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The degree of care and caution required before making
a decision; loosely, a financial and technical investigation to determine
whether an investment is sound.
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EM survey
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A geophysical survey method which measures the electromagnetic
properties of rocks.
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En echelon
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Roughly parallel but staggered structures.
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Equity financing
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The provision of funds by the sale of shares.
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Era
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A large division of geologic time, the Precambrian era,
for example.
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Escrowed shares
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Shares deposited in trust pending fulfillment of certain
conditions, and not ordinarily available to trading until released.
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Exploration
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Prospecting, sampling, mapping, diamond drilling and
other work involved in searching for ore.
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Fault
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A break in the Earth's crust caused by tectonic forces
which have moved the rock on one side with respect to the other.
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Feasibility study
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A definitive engineering study addressing the economic
viability of bringing a deposit to the production stage, taking into consideration
all associated costs, revenues and risks. The study is used to support
the search for project financing.
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Feldspar
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A group of common rock forming minerals that includes
microcline, orthoclase, plagioclase and others.
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Fixed Assets
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Possessions such as buildings, machinery and land which,
as opposed to current assets, are unlikely to be converted into cash during
the normal business cycle.
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Flotation
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A process by which some mineral particles are induced
to become attached to bubbles and float, and other particles to sink,
so that the valuable minerals are concentrated and separated from the
worthless gangue.
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Fold
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Any bending or wrinkling of rock strata.
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Footwall
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The rock on the underside of a vein or ore structure.
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Fracture
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A break in the rock, the opening of which allows mineral
bearing solutions to enter. A "cross fracture" is a minor break extending
at more or less right angles to the direction of the principal fractures.
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Free milling
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Ores of gold or silver from which the precious metals
can be recovered by concentrating methods without resorting to pressure
leaching or other chemical treatment.
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Geochemistry
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The study of the chemical properties of rocks.
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Geology
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The science concerned with the study of the rocks which
compose the Earth.
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Geophysics
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The study of the physical properties of rocks and minerals.
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Geophysical survey
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A scientific method of prospecting that measures the
physical properties of rock formations. Common properties investigated
include magnetism, specific gravity, electrical conductivity and radioactivity.
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Grab sample
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A sample from a rock outcrop that is assayed to determine
if valuable elements are contained in the rock. A grab sample is not intended
to be representative of the deposit, and usually the best looking material
is selected.
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Grade
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The amount of valuable mineral in each ton of ore, expressed
as troy ounces per ton for precious metals and as a percentage for other
metals.
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Granite
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A coarse grained intrusive igneous rock consisting of
quartz, feldspar and mica.
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Greenstone belt
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An area underlain by metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary
rocks, usually in a continental shield.
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Hanging wall
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The rock on the upper side of a vein or ore deposit.
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Heap leaching
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A process whereby valuable metals, usually gold and silver,
are leached from a heap, or pad, of crushed ore by leaching solutions
percolating down through the heap and collected from a sloping, impermeable
liner below the pad.
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High grade
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Rich ore. As a verb, it refers to selective mining of
the best ore in a deposit.
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Holding company
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A corporation engaged principally in holding a controlling
interest in one or more other companies.
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Host rock
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The rock surrounding an ore deposit.
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Hydrothermal
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Relating to hot fluids circulating in the earth's crust.
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Infill drilling
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Drilling within a group of previously drilled holes to
provide a closer spaced pattern to define more accurately the parameters
of the ore body.
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Igneous rocks
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Rocks formed by the solidification of molten material
from far below the earth's surface.
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Induced polarization
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A method of ground geophysical surveying employing an
electrical current to determine indications of mineralization.
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Intrusive
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A body of igneous rock formed by the consolidation of
magma intruded into other rocks, in contrast to lavas, which are extruded
upon the surface.
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Kimberlite
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A variety of peridotite; the most common host rock of
diamonds.
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Landsat:
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A series of unmanned satellites orbiting at about 706
km (438 miles) above the surface of the earth. The satellites carry cameras
similar to video cameras and take images or pictures showing features
as small as 30 m or 80 m wide, depending on which camera is used.
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Laterite
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A residual soil, usually found in tropical countries,
out of which the silica has been leached. May form ore bodies of iron,
nickel, bauxite and manganese.
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Leachable
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Extractable by chemical solvents.
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Leaching
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A chemical process for the extraction of valuable minerals
from ore; also, a natural process by which ground waters dissolve minerals,
thus leaving the rock with a smaller proportion of some of the minerals
than it contained originally.
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Lens
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Generally used to describe a body of ore that is thick
in the middle and tapers towards the ends.
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Lenticular
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A deposit having roughly the form of a double convex
lens.
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Lode
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A mineral deposit in solid rock.
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M
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Mill
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A plant where ore is ground fine and undergoes physical
or chemical treatment to extract the valuable metals.
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Mafic
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Igneous rocks composed mostly of dark, iron and magnesium
rich minerals.
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Magma
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The molten material deep in the Earth from which rocks
are formed.
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Magnetic gradient survey
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A geophysical survey using a pair of magnetometers a
fixed distance apart, to measure the difference in the magnetic field
relative to height above the ground.
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Magnetic survey
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A geophysical survey that measures the intensity of the
Earth's magnetic field.
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Magnetite
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Black, magnetic iron ore, an iron oxide.
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Magnetometer
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An instrument used to measure the magnetic attraction
of underlying rocks.
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Metallurgy
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The study of extracting metals from their ores.
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Metamorphic rocks
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Rocks which have undergone a change in texture or composition
as the result of heat and/or pressure.
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Metamorphism
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The process by which the form or structure of rocks is
changed by heat and pressure.
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Migmatite
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Rock consisting of thin, alternating layers of granite
and schist.
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Minable reserves
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Ore reserves that are known to be extractable using a
given mining plan.
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Mineral
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A naturally occurring homogeneous substance having definite
physical properties and chemical composition and, if formed under favorable
conditions, a definite crystal form.
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Mineralization
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Rock containing an undetermined amount of minerals or
metals.
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Native metal
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A metal occurring in nature in pure form, uncombined
with other elements.
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Nugget
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A small mass of precious metal, commonly found free in
nature.
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O
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Open pit
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A mine that is entirely on surface. Also referred to
as open cut or open cast mine.
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Option
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An agreement to purchase a property reached between the
property vendor and some other party who wishes to explore the property
further.
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Ore
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A mixture of ore minerals and gangue from which at least
one of the metals can be extracted at a profit.
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Ore body
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A natural concentration of valuable material that can
be extracted and sold at a profit.
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Ore Reserves
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The calculated tonnage and grade of mineralization which
can be extracted profitably; classified as possible, probable and proven
according to the level of confidence that can be placed in the data.
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Ore shoot
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The portion, or length, of a vein or other structure
that carries sufficient valuable minerals to be extracted profitably.
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Orogeny
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A period of mountain building characterized by the folding
of a portion of the earth's crust.
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Outcrop
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An exposure of rock or mineral deposit that can be seen
on surface, that is, not covered by soil or water.
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Overturned
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Where older sedimentary rock beds are lying on top of
a younger beds.
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Oxide ore
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Mineralized rock in which some of the original minerals
have been oxidized. Oxidation tends to make the ore more porous and permits
a more complete permeation of cyanide solutions so that minute particles
of gold in the interior of the minerals will be readily dissolved.
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Par value
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The stated face value of a stock. Par value shares have
no specified face value, but the total amount of authorized capital is
set down in the company's charter.
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Pegmatite
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A coarse grained, igneous rock, and similar to a granite
in composition; usually occurs in dykes or veins and sometimes contains
valuable minerals.
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Pentlandite
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Nickel iron sulphide, the most common nickel ore.
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Peridotite
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An intrusive igneous rock consisting mainly of olivine.
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Placer
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A deposit of sand and gravel containing valuable metals
such as gold, tin or diamonds.
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Plutonic
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Refers to rocks of igneous origin that have come from
great depth.
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Porphyry
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Any igneous rock in which relatively large crystals ,
called phenocrysts, are set in a fine-grained groundmass.
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Portfolio
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A list of financial assets.
|
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Possible reserves
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Valuable mineralization not sampled in sufficient detail
to accurately estimate its tonnage and grade, or even verify its existence.
Also called "inferred reserves."
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Prefeasibility Study
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The initial stage of the feasibility study in which the
accuracy of the factors involved such as costs and revenues is ±25%. Should
the prefeasibility study be positive then the company would move to the
final feasibility study.
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Precambrian Shield
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The oldest, most stable regions of the earth's crust,
the largest of which is the Canadian Shield.
|
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Private placement
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Sale of shares to individuals or corporations outside
the normal market, at a negotiated price. Often used to raise capital
for a junior exploration company.
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Probable reserves
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Valuable mineralization not sampled sufficiently to accurately
estimate the tonnage and grade. Also called "indicated reserves."
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Profit and loss statement
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The income statement of a company detailing revenues
minus total costs to give total profit.
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Prospect
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A mining property, the value of which has not been determined
by exploration.
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Proven reserves
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Reserves that have been sampled extensively by closely
spaced diamond drill holes and developed by underground workings in sufficient
detail to render an accurate estimation of grade and tonnage. Also called
"measured reserves."
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Proxy
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A power of attorney given by the shareholder so that
his stock may be voted by his nominee(s) at shareholders' meetings.
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Pyrite
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A yellow iron sulphide mineral, normally of little value.
It is sometimes referred to as "fool's gold".
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Pyrrhotite
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A bronzecolored, magnetic iron sulphide mineral.
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Quartz
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Common rock forming mineral consisting of silicon and
oxygen.
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R
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Reconnaissance
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A preliminary survey of ground.
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Recovery
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The percentage of valuable metal in the ore that is recovered
by metallurgical treatment.
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Refining
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The final stage of metal production in which impurities
are removed from the molten metal.
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Regolith
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Loose, incoherent material formed at the earths surface.
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Reserve grade
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Is estimated metal content of an ore body, based on reserve
calculations.
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Resistivity survey
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A geophysical technique used to measure the resistance
of a rock formation to an electric current.
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Resource
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The calculated amount of material in a mineral deposit,
based on limited drill information.
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Reverse circulation drilling (RC)
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A drilling method using a tricone bit to chip the rock
and whereby rock cuttings are pushed to the surface through the outer
tube by liquid and/or air pressure moving through the inner tube.
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Rock
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Any natural combination of minerals; part of the earth's
crust.
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Rotary air blast drilling (RAB)
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A drilling method similar to RC drilling except that
the rock cuttings are forced to the surface outside the drill tube.
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Royalty
|
An amount of money paid at regular intervals by the lessee
or operator of an exploration or mining property to the owner of the ground.
Generally based on a certain amount per tonne or a percentage of the total
production or profits. Also, the fee paid for the right to use a patented
process.
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Sample
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A small portion of rock or a mineral deposit taken so
that the metal content can be determined by assaying.
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Sampling
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Selecting a fractional but representative part of a mineral
deposit for analysis.
|
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Schist
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A foliated metamorphic rock the grains of which have
a roughly parallel arrangement; generally developed by shearing.
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Shear or shearing
|
The deformation of rocks by lateral movement along innumerable
parallel planes, generally resulting from pressure and producing such
metamorphic structures as cleavage and schistosity.
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Shear zone
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A zone in which shearing has occurred on a large scale.
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Shoot
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A concentration of mineral values; that part of a vein
or zone carrying values of ore grade.
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Silica
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Silicon dioxide. Quartz is a common example.
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Siliceous
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A rock containing an abundance of quartz.
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Sphalerite
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A zinc sulphide mineral; the most common ore mineral
of zinc.
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Spot price
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Current delivery price of a commodity traded in the spot
market.
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Step out drilling
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Holes drilled to intersect a mineralization horizon
or structure along strike or down dip.
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Stock exchange
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An organized market concerned with the buying and selling
of common and preferred shares and warrants by stockbrokers who own seats
on the exchange and meet membership requirements.
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Strike
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The direction, or bearing from true north, of a vein
or rock formation measure on a horizontal surface.
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Strike length
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The longest horizontal dimension of an ore body or zone
of mineralization.
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Stripping ratio
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The ratio of the number of tons of waste material removed
to one tons of ore removed, used in connection with open pit mining.
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Subsidiary company
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A company in which the majority of shares (a controlling
position) is held by another company.
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Sulphide
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A compound of sulphur and some other element.
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Syncline
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A down arching fold in bedded rocks.
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Tailings
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Finely ground rock material from which economic metals
have been removed.
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Trench
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A long, narrow excavation dug through overburden, or
blasted out of rock, to expose a vein or ore structure.
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Trend
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The direction, in the horizontal plane, of a linear geological
feature, such as an ore zone, measured from true north.
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Troy ounce
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Troy ounce of a fineness of 999.9 parts per 1,000 parts,
equal to 31.1034 grams.
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Tunnel boring machine
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A machine used to excavate a tunnel through soil or
rock by mechanical means as opposed to drilling and blasting.
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Vein
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A fissure, fault or crack in a rock filled by minerals
that have traveled upwards from some deep source.
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Visible gold
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Native gold which is discernible, in a hand specimen,
to the unaided eye.
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Volcanic rocks
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Igneous rocks formed from magma that has flowed out or
has been violently ejected from a volcano.
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Wall rocks
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Rock units on either side of an ore body. The hanging
wall and footwall rocks of an ore body.
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Working capital
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The liquid resources a company has to meet day to day
expenses of operation; defined as the excess of current assets over current
liabilities.
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Write-offs
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Amounts deducted from a company's reported profit for
depreciation or pre-production costs. Write-offs are not an out-of-pocket
expense, but reduce the amount of taxable profit.
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Zone
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An area of distinct mineralization.
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Zone of oxidation
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That portion of an ore body that has been oxidized.
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